تیروئید یک غده کوچک پروانه ای شکل در جلوی گردن درست در زیر سیب آدم است و این غده هورمون های تیروئید تری یدوتیرونین ( T3 ) و تیروکسین ( T4 ) را تولید می کند این هورمون ها تنظیم تولید پروتئین، کمک به کنترل درجه حرارت بدن و تاثیر بر تمام جنبه های متابولیسم بدن را به عهده دارند زمانیکه غده تیروئید نتواند به اندازه کافی هورمون تولید کند کم کاری تیروئید ایجاد می شود که در آن غده تیروئید به اندازه کافی هورمون تولید نمی کند زنان مخصوصاً افراد بالای ۶۰ سال به احتمال زیاد به کم کاری تیروئید مبتلا می شوند.
کم کاری تیروئید نتیجه آشفتگی تعادل نرمال واکنش های شیمیایی در بدن است و در مراحل اولیه به ندرت علائمی دارد در طول زمان اگر کم کاری تیروئید درمان نشود سبب مشکلاتی مانند ( چاقی، درد مفصل، ناباروری و بیماری قلبی ) می شود. کم کاری تیروئید با آزمایش تشخیص داده می شود و با هورمون های تیروئید درمان می شود و اگر داروی لوتیروکسین با دوز مناسب مصرف شود معمولاً ساده، ایمن و موثر است. تیروئید خودش توسط غده دیگری به نام هیپوفیز تنظیم می شود. هیپوتالاموس هورمونی به نام هورمون آزاد کننده تیروپین ( TRH ) که به هیپوفیز سیگنال می فرستد تا هورمون تحریک کنند تیروئید ( TSH ) از هیپوفیز آزاد شود هر اختلالی در این چرخه منجر به کاهش هورمون تیروئید و سبب کم کاری تیروئید می شود.
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