آنژیوگرافی قلب چیست؟

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آنژیوگرافی قلب روش قطعی و استاندارد برای بررسی آناتومی عروق قلب می‌باشد.

تاریخچه آنژیوگرافی قلب

این روش که در ابتدا بر روی حیوانات آزمایشگاهی انجام شد، برای اولین بار در سال ۱۹۲۹توسط ورنر فورسمن بر روی انسان صورت گرفت.هدف فورسمن ابداع روشی برای رساندن مستقیم داروها به درون قلب بود، اما قابلیت تکنیک فورسمن، به عنوان یک ابزار تشخیصی توسط افراد دیگر مورد توجه قرار گرفت. امروزه کاتتریزاسیون و آنژیوگرافی قلبی برای اهداف تشخیصی، مداخله درمانی و یا هر دو انجام می‌پذیرند.

 

روش آنژیوگرافی قلب

به کمک آنژیوگرافی قلب تعداد عروق کرونر مسدود شده، محل انسداد و میزان آن مشخص می‌شود و  مستقیم‌ترین راه کشف مشکلات شریان‌های کرونری قلب استفاده از آنژیوگرافی است. این روش با تزریق یک ماده رنگی حاجب به وسیله یک لوله بلند، نازک و قابل انعطاف بنام کاتتر انجام می‌شود.اگرچه هنگامی که لوله کاتتر به قلب می‌رسد ممکن است فرد مقداری دچار تپش قلب شود ـ که این وضعیت طبیعی است ـ اما به طورکلی هنگام انجام آنژیوگرافی فرد چیزی احساس نمی‌کند.در این روش پس از این‌که کاتتر از طریق شریان یا وریدی که در کشاله ران وجود دارد به سمت قلب فرستاده شده و در قلب یا مدخل عروق تغذیه‌کننده آن قرار گرفت، ماده حاجب ـ که به وسیله اشعه ایکس قابل رویت است ـ تزریق و از زوایای مختلف قلب عکسبرداری می‌شود.گاهی اوقات از شریان‌های موجود در مچ دست یا آرنج نیز برای انجام آنژیوگرافی استفاده می‌شود.

کاربرد آنژیوگرافی قلب

کاربرد معمول آنژیوگرافی قلب شامل بررسی مشکلات اکتسابی (تنگی عروق کرونر)، تایید ناهنجاری‌های مادرزادی قلب (سوراخ‌های داخل قلب یا تنگی دریچه‌ها) و... است.  در صورت وجود شواهدی دال بر تنگی رگ‌ها یا مشکلات ساختمانی قلب معمولا متخصص قلب انجام عمل آنژیوگرافی را به فرد بیمار توصیه می‌کند و معمولا قبل از هر گونه عمل جراحی روی رگ‌های کرونری یا اعمال جراحی مرتبط با مشکلات مادرزادی، ابتدا باید با آنژیوگرافی آناتومی موضع مربوطه را مشخص کرد.

در آنژیوگرافی قلب امکان اندازه‌گیری مستقیم فشارهای داخل قلب، مشاهده عروق کرونر، حفره‌های قلبی و عروق بزرگ و... فراهم می‌شود؛ همچنین اقدامات درمانی در آنژیوگرافی نیز امکان‌پذیر بوده که از جمله آنها آنژیوپلاستی به معنی باز کردن یا ترمیم رگ است.

در این روش رگ مسدود توسط بادکنکی به نام بالون، متسع و چند ثانیه در این حالت نگه داشته می‌شود تا رگ باز شود؛ گاهی نیز برای جلوگیری از انسداد مجدد وسیله فنرمانندی به نام استنت داخل رگ مسدود قرار داده می‌شود.

عوارض آنژیوگرافی قلب

اگرچه معمولا آنژیوگرافی قلب بدون درد و ناراحتی انجام می‌شود، اما در مواردی نیز هنگام تزریق ماده حاجب احساس تهوع و استفراغ، برافروختگی موقت یا گرمی به بیمار دست می‌‏دهد که به سرعت برطرف می‌شود. آنژیوگرافی قلب معمولا یک آزمایش بی‌خطر است اما در موارد نادر اگر در حین عبور کاتتر بیمار دچار مشکل شود، معمولا می‌توان به سرعت داروهای لازم را به طور مستقیم به داخل قلب تزریق و مشکل را رفع کرد.

مزایای آنژیوگرافی قلب

آنژیوگرافی قلب در زمانی کوتاه وضعیت عروق قلب را به‌خوبی نشان داده و به پزشک کمک می‌کند تا نوع درمان را با اطمینان بیشتری تعیین ‌کند. آنژیوگرافی درمانی کاربرد بسیار گسترده‌ای داشته و در مقایسه با عمل جراحی از مزایای متعدد از جمله کوتاه شدن دوره بستری، کاهش هزینه و کاهش عوارض بعد از عمل جراحی برخوردار است. به گفته متخصصین قلب و عروق امروزه آنژیوگرافی برای بررسی عروق کلیه، مغز، قلب، ریه و دستگاه گوارش نیز به کار می‌رود.

آشنایی با نحوه انجام آنژیوگرافی (کلیک کنید)